The more frequently you can repeat an observation, the more likely are you to see clearly what is there and to describe accurately what you have seen. Contributions: 1. Founder and head of the structural school of psychology Structuralism , that described the elemental structures of Consciousness based on introspection.
He stated that the main task of psychology is to discover of the elemental components of consciousness, to analyze the complex experiences of everyday life into their elements and then to understand the nature of the compounding.
His primary method was introspection — the precise examination and systematic description of conscious experience, the specially trained ability to depict the phenomena of consciousness as they are. He proposed the core-context theory of meaning: a new mental process the core acquired its meaning from the context of other mental processes within which it occurs. He published over articles and books over 35 years. Career and Personal life: Origin: His mother Alice Field Habin was disowned by her prominent Sussex family and his father John Titchener held a series of posts as a clerk.
When Titchener was 9, he was sent to live with his paternal grandparents and two aunts. Then Titchener went on to Leipzig in Germany to study with Wundt. He completed his doctoral program in with a dissertation on binocular vision.
In autumn Titchener joined the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University as an untenured lecturer teaching philosophy and psychology. He taught as Psychology Professor at Cornell University He was a charismatic speaker and an inspiring teacher, who trained 56 doctoral students, including 21 women. Filling in as an impetus to functionalism, structuralism was consistently a minority school of psychology in America. Lopez-Garrido, G , Jan Structuralism and Titchener. Simply Psychology.
Titchener, E. The postulates of a structural psychology. The Philosophical Review, 7 5 , Lectures on the elementary psychology of feeling and attention. An outline of psychology New edition with additions. MacMillan Co. Toggle navigation. Theories Structuralism Structuralism and Titchener By Gabriel Lopez-Garrido , published Jan 07, Take-home Messages Structuralism is a theory of consciousness that seeks to analyze the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations, mental images, and feelings, and how these elements combine to form more complex experiences.
Structuralism was founded by Wilhelm Wundt, who used controlled methods, such as introspection, to break down consciousness to its basic elements without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole. Structuralism was further developed by Wundt's student, Edward B. Titchener proposed 3 elementary states of consciousness: Sensations sights, sounds, tastes , Images components of thoughts , and Affections components of emotions.
Titchener concluded that there were three kinds of mental components that could be considered to constitute conscious experience: Sensations components of discernments , Images components of thoughts , Affections expressions of warmth which are components of emotions.
Intensity — how strong, loud, bright etc. Duration — course of a sensation over time; how long it lasts. Clearness attensity — role of attention in consciousness — clearer if attention is directed toward it. Titchener is credited with introducing Wundt's scientific ideas to the United States.
However, it is important to note that historians recognize that Titchener's theories differed from those of his mentor and many critics suggest that Titchener actually misrepresented many of Wundt's ideas. While the school of thought did not survive his death, he played a significant role in establishing psychology as an experimental science. Titchener was an original member of the American Psychological Association.
However, he never attended a single meeting. Titchener believed the APA was flawed and too accepting of applied psychology topics. Titchener's group was also known for its ban on women, which continued until after his death.
In , she became the first woman to earn a Ph. During a time when many women were forbidden from studying at major universities including Harvard and Columbia, Titchener oversaw the doctoral studies of more women than any other male psychologist of that time period. In addition to his career as a distinguished and much-loved professor, Titchener served as the editor of several prominent journals including Mind , Studies from the Department of Psychology of Cornell University , and the American Journal of Psychology.
He also published several critical psychology texts including Outline of Psychology , A Primer of Psychology , and his four-volume Experimental Psychology Titchener died on August 3, , and with his death, the structuralist school of thought mostly disappeared as well. Ever wonder what your personality type means?
Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Cogn Process. A History of Modern Psychology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; Henley, TB. An Introduction to the History of Psychology 8th ed. Rutherford A. Encyclopaedia of Britannica.
Edward B. Updated January 7, Leahey, TH. New York: Routledge; Proctor RW, Evans R. Titchener, women psychologists, and the Experimentalists.
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